Adverb Clauses, Reduced Adverb Clauses, and Related Prepositional Phrases

BASICS * REDUCTION * REASON/PURPOSE/RESULT * SO
examples in Hoosiers * examples in Field of Dreams

PREPOSITION
ADVERB CLAUSE
prep. + NOUN
Conj.+ SV , SV
or
SV + conj. + SV

MEANING
PREPOSITIONS
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
(adverb clauses/phrases)
TIME after
before
since
until
by
during
up to
within		 (no future tense)
after
before
since
while
until
as
once
 when/whenever
_when_(NOT whenever)
every time (that)
by the time (that)
up to the time (that)
as soon as
as long as
REASON
 as a result of
because of
due to
owing to
_because_
_since_
_now that_		 _as long as_
_inasmuch as_
_as_
_In view of the fact that_
_due to the fact that_
PURPOSE
   so (that)*
in order that*
RESULT
   so ...(adj/adv)... that
such (a) ..(noun).. that
CONCESSION/
INSUFFICIENT REASON
despite
in spite of
regardless of
although
though
even though		 in spite of the fact that
despite the fact that

OPPOSITION/
CONTRAST
instead of
unlike 		in contrast to
different from
where
whereas
while
PLACE
   (reduce in passive only)
where wherever
MANNER
 as as (reduce in passive only)
COMPARISON
 like
similar to		 as ... (adj/adv) ... as
the same .. (noun) ... as
-er/more/less ... than

REDUCTION of ADVERB CLAUSES to ADVERB PHRASES
(only possible if subject is the same in the main clause)
CONJUNCTION
|
(Conjunction)



 + Subject
|
X



(+ operator)
|
X



 (+ not)
|
(+not)



+ VERB
|
+ Ving
+ having Vdtn
+ (being) Vdtn
+ (having been) Vdtn


ACTIVE
PASSIVE

(key to chart)ACTIVE PASSIVE
can be reduced After eating it, he ...
After having eaten ..		 After being eaten, it ....
After having been eaten, ..
_omit conjunction_
(because/whenwhenever)		 Eating it, he ...
Having eaten ..		 Being eaten, it ...
Having been eaten, ..
omit passive "be"
(when/until/where/as/once		 Until eating it, he ...
Until having eaten ..		 Until eaten, it ...
reduce to infinitive*
(so (that) / in order that)		 To eat it, he ...
To have eaten ..		 To be eaten, it ...
To have been eaten, ..




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Ann Salzmann
Intensive English Institute
University of Illinois