Gerunds and Infinitives

INFINITIVES (of) (for) (him) (not) TO have been being written writing written written WRITE be written writing being written (plus adverbs, objects, as appropriate)

GERUND -- verb modifiers (his) [him] (not) having been being written writing written written WRITING being written (plus adverbs, objects, as appropriate)

GERUND -- noun modifiers
(his) (adj) WRITING(S)
(a/the) (adj) WRITING(S)	of ______ (transitive object/intransitive subject) by ______ (transitive subject)

(NOT: negative, passive, perfect, or followed by infinitive)

MEANING
INFINITIVE		GERUND
potential idea/plan/future single/repeated request/instruction/causation		actual/fact past/end ongoing attitude (no plan)
(often reduced from modals/ subjunctive/imperative)

FUNCTIONS of GERUNDS and INFINITIVES

VERB COMPLEMENTS (any tense) (similar to noun clauses) (CHECK GRAMMAR BOOKS FOR LISTS:
INFINITIVE ONLY	GERUND OR INFINITIVE	GERUND ONLY
I have agreed am planning hope to pay. (with subject) I should forbid order taught him to pay. I asked want need (him) to pay. I arranged would hate intend am waiting (for him) to pay.	I start prefer like forget mean try get to pay. paying. I It need needs to wash it. washing. I advise him to pay. paying	I enjoy miss finish consider go stop (his) paying.

SUBJECT OR SUBJECT COMPLEMENT (similar to noun clauses)
INFINITIVE	GERUND
OLD (For him) to ski It My goal NEW is fun. is fun (for him) to ski is (for him) to ski.	His ranting madly The mad rantings of Bob frightened me. My hobby is swimming the painting of barns.
INFINITIVE ONLY	GERUND ONLY
PURPOSE	OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
He went (in order) (for her) to buy a car. .........so that s/he could buy a car.	I'm interested in (her) selling my house.
REDUCED INDIRECT QUESTIONS	COMPOUND (ATTRIBUTIVE) NOUN
He wonders what to do ....... what he should do.	a new sleeping bag (is ..) grassy playing fields (are ..) don't confuse with participial adjectives: A sleeping dog (is ..) Playing children (are ..) or gerund + object: Playing games is a waste of time. Playing a game is fun once in a while.
REDUCED INDIRECT STATEMENTS
We believe him to be crazy. ..... that he is crazy. He is believed to be crazy
AFTER TOO and ENOUGH
It's too dark (for me) to drive. It's not light enough (for anyone) to drive.
MODIFYING A NOUN (reduced adjective or noun clauses)
He was the first person to die. Is there a car (for him) to drive? I have a job (for you) to do.
MODIFYING AN ADJECTIVE
action: It was useful (for him) to go. person: It was rude (of him) to leave. emotion: It was surprising to see her.
OUTCOME
He awoke to find the house on fire.
IN MODAL PHRASES
He used ought has is is supposed is able is going to come.