These are NOT ALL gerunds and infinitives. Identify the examples that fit each category. (Taken from the texts we have read so far this semester. To see a list of the original texts, and links to them, go to the class homepage)
For each gerund or infinitive you find, identify its function in the sentence, AND note any subjects or objects of the gerunds/infinitives. Which forms are most common?
| infinitive | not to eat | not to have eaten | not to be eating | not to have been eating |
| (passive) | not to be eaten | not to have been eaten | not to be being eaten | not to have been being eaten |
| gerund | not eating | not having eaten | (not having been eating) | |
| (passive) | not being eaten | not having been eaten | (not having been being eaten) |
body of the schoolmaster was | not to be discovered. Hans Van Ripper as executor of |
Clinton's strategy was | not to be drawn into questions about his ethics, his |
but, unfortunately, that was | not to be. More English people came to America, and |
towards the sex; and it is | not to be wondered at, that so tempting a morsel soon |
recalled to the court-- | not to discuss his plan this time but to name the price |
to help other animals survive. | Not to do so would be considered greedy. The |
lover's eloquence. I profess | not to know how women's hearts are wooed and won. To |
and pears, and quinces; | not to mention broiled shad and roasted chickens |
acres, and that ain't hay. | Not to mention that lovely green stuff. Ah, Katrina |
(2,415 miles) they were | not to navigate at night because land would certainly be |
I decided that it's best for him | not to play this ... Norman: Oh, I see. Well, that's fine |
the bandaid off. But remember | not to scratch the area. This teacher is asking this |
out why it meant so much. | Not to that extreme. I don't get it. Norman: Well, what |
were a few things I missed | not being here. I missed knowing that nothing ever |
1499, of a small fleet he was | not expecting. One of his youngest and most |
Norman: Yes Myra: He's | not going to play... Norman: That's fine. Myra: Well |
are you talking about? I'm | not leaving here. ref: You're gone! Shooter: That |
| infinitive | to be eaten | to have been eaten | to be being eaten | to have been being eaten |
| gerund | being eaten | having been eaten | (having been being eaten) |
no good. Show up at practice | to be a body. Equipment managing's my trade. Norman |
be ascertained. He appeared | to be a horseman of large dimensions, and mounted on a |
school. Norman: This is going | to be a lonely bench. Well, those of you who don't know |
"nobody expected this debate | to be a make or break for the campaign |
to play, right? We're going | to be a tough team to beat. Now you come along for the |
the evening turned out | to be a victory of sorts for the questioners, who |
population of Haiti, estimated | to be about 3,000,000 people, had been exterminated |
Fernando (then 13). He asked | to be allowed to call at Española and was expressly |
Everett: He said he wanted | to be alone, sir. Too much pressure. Norman: Hey, you |
his critics have painted him | to be. As most 10-year-olds can tell you, Columbus |
where gold was believed " | to be born," leaving Isabella in the care of his |
where gold was believed " | to be born," leaving Isabella in the care of his |
(a temporary government) and | to be bound by its laws. This agreement was thought |
violated Dole tried | to be brief on his earlier controversy over whether |
with him they could afford | to be, but not at the cost of the public good. On the |
sheet, and wait for your name | to be called for the TB test. .. Nurse: Mary |
one another in what came | to be called King Phillip's War. It is sad to think |
Norman: Isn't it a little late | to be calling on folks? Shooter: I wouldn't trust old |
be too old and too experienced | to be coaching in an obscure backwater like Hickory |
their rallying cry seemed | to be Columbus was a bad guy. To elaborate |
enchanted region, and seems | to be commander-in-chief of all the powers of the air |
this fall and is scheduled | to be completed in October or November of 1998. MTD |
he could hardly move and had | to be conveyed to Seville; travelling north was out of |
Well, I'm sure you're going | to be convinced to go after him. Norman: Well, if I am |
unexplored wasteland waiting | to be developed. There is evidence that suggests Afro |
them the Indies discovered and | to be discovered and apportioning the undiscovered |
of the schoolmaster was not | to be discovered. Hans Van Ripper as executor of his |
... Norman: We're going | to be doing this every day in practice. You're going to |
head with terror. What was | to be done? To turn and fly was now too late; and |
Clinton's strategy was not | to be drawn into questions about his ethics, his aides |
everybody seemed | to be entering the business to a point that made |
poor,--he made such efforts | to be entertaining. When his story was concluded, there |
and that he was no man | to be entrusted with a government. Generous with him |
to do. Jimmy,. they're going | to be expecting you to take the last shot. We're going |
Myra: I .. I think in order | to be fair, ... I think it would be a big mistake to let |
that gold seeking was | to be forbidden at certain periods of the year so that |
that gold seeking was | to be forbidden at certain periods of the year so that |
I thought we were going | to be friends. Myra: I guess you're going to want to |
(Bethlehem). As there seemed | to be gold about, he resolved to leave his brother |
if their mothers happened | to be good cooks. Who's the town's ladies man? Gets |
asked for all prisoners | to be handed over. Diego refused. Next day, after mass |
in a ditch or well waiting | to be hanged," was summoned to Santo Domingo and |
to decay, and was reported | to be haunted by the ghost of the unfortunate pedagogue |
are peculiar quavers still | to be heard in that church, and which may even be |
- making or "quilting-frolic," | to be held that evening at Mynheer Van Tassel's; and |
Aw. come on. I'm going | to be here for you. Shooter: Yeah, you and the little |
who throughout his life was | to be his main standby, Columbus received several |
given a life-time suspension | to be honored by all NCAA signatories for physically |
day in practice. You're going | to be in the best physical shape of your lives. ??: It |
price was exorbitant. He was | to be knighted, appointed grand admiral and viceroy |
for you.... Cletus is going | to be laid up for a while, and I want you to give me a |
I've blown this, so I'm going | to be learning from you just like you learn from me. I'm |
morning, which are said | to be legitimately descended from the nose of Ichabod |
being too rich a mynheer | to be lightly mentioned, who, in the battle of White |
an apparition as is seldom | to be met with in broad daylight. It was, as I have said |
unfortunately, that was not | to be. More English people came to America, and they |
don't understand. I want you | to be my assistant. I want you to come to practices and |
around like nobody can? Has | to be none other than, Ichabod. Ichabod Crane. Thus |
was just ... Doc said he's going | to be OK for the regionals in another week. Shooter |
and bowing, and pretending | to be on good terms with every songster of the grove |
of you who feel you don't want | to be on the team, feel free to leave right now. Did you |
about whether or not you want | to be on this team or not -- under the following |
Norman: Shooter here is going | to be one of our assistants. Got it? Have you got |
thought that "they are good | to be ordered and made to work, sow and do all that is |
I 've seen. I'm very excited | to be part of Indiana basketball. This is your team |
mischief-making began | to be practiced by the newcomers, it fueled native |
think Senator Dole is too old | to be president,"Clinton answered one questioner. "It's |
farmhouse where he happened | to be quartered, every sound of nature, at that |
prematurely." (Kammen, 27) | To be raised above others would be undemocratic, they |
transformation, were loath | to be raised to their pedestals. "Even though every |
man of hidden talents, a rival | to be reckoned with. Still, wars are neither won nor |
for a country schoolmaster | to be refused the hand of a Dutch heiress, is a certain |
as a magnificent lord and had | to be reprimanded for it by his royal masters, while |
as a magnificent lord and had | to be reprimanded for it by his royal masters, while |
Some buses will need | to be rerouted in the downtown area to accommodate |
provided in her will for him | to be "restored in the possession of the Indies." His |
in Segovia, and he asked | to be restored "the capital of my honour . . . the |
such an apparition as is seldom | to be seen in broad daylight! It was late one drowsy |
at the news, ordered him | to be set free, and sent him 2,000 ducats to enable him |
you learn from me. I'm going | to be setting up practices a little bit differently than |
my powers of perception tend | to be shady at best, but I believe their rallying cry |
a huge bag of wool, ready | to be spun; in another, a quantity of linsey-woolsey |
and other colonists who were | to be taken along at the insistence of the London |
before Ojeda's visit, had | to be terrorized into obedience by a capital execution |
into playing to your potential, | to be the best that you can be, I don't care what the |
a head. It is said by some | to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had |
one would say, 'He's going | to be the hatchet man,' and someone else would |
really do? I don't want this | to be the high point of his life. I've seen them, the real |
Beatriz Enríquez, who was | to be the mother of his son Fernando. In 1490 the |
less where America happens | to be. This tallied tolerably well with II Esdras 6:42 |
madness; for he was not a man | to be thwarted in his amours, any more than that |
(Gene Hackman), who seems | to be too old and too experienced to be coaching in an |
know, most people would kill | to be treated like a god, just for a few moments. Myra |
in this movie seems | to be trying to start over in life, and, in a way |
the voyage he refused | to be unchained. Sad, and with his irons still on, he |
to allow money saved in them | to be used for health care, education and the |
came to prefer and wished | to be used. He never took the traditional form Columbus |
game in my book we're going | to be winners. OK? ... All right! Let's go! Let's go! Let |
towards the sex; and it is not | to be wondered at, that so tempting a morsel soon found |
sailing westward seems first | to have been mooted by the Florentine cosmographer |
His reputation seemed | to have been secured by the mid-nineteenth century |
this voyage seems already | to have been thinking of his voyage to "Cathay" through |
so no one can accuse me of | being a conservative. I voted for Bill Clinton, interned |
and the schoolmaster, | being an ambitious man, at once began to fill his mind |
in the battle of White Plains, | being an excellent master of defence, parried a musket |
and skill in horsemanship, | being as dexterous on horseback as a Tartar. He was |
midnight blast, is owing to his | being belated, and in a hurry to get back to the |
along the front, capable of | being closed up in bad weather. Under this were hung |
were brief, but expressive, | being confined to a shake of the hand, a slap on the |
circle of a rural neighborhood; | being considered a kind of idle, gentlemanlike |
Columbus feared that he was | being conveyed to the gallows. Though he was treated |
to leave him in peace after | being dead for more than 400 years, attack him for |
the mill-pond. The schoolhouse | being deserted soon fell to decay, and was reported to |
an eelskin for the purpose, it | being esteemed throughout the country as a potent |
were a few things I missed not | being here. I missed knowing that nothing ever changes |
Tell me something. Am I | being interviewed here? I thought I already had the job |
going on so about this kid | being irreplaceable. It's my experience that nobody's |
was granted the privilege of | being lodged and fed at public expense on his travels to |
very arrival in Portugal, his | being miraculously saved from the wreck of his ship |
the top of the Earth, the Earth | being not round but pear-shaped. When Columbus |
fine. Cletus: You kind of like | being on your own. Norman: I'd kind of like to see you |
that creepy, thrilling rush of | being outside at night, with spirits and ghosts all |
construction of the center is | being paid for with about $3 million in federal funds, $3 |
He nevertheless insisted on | being paid the prize of 10,000 maravedis promised to |
whom I strongly suspected of | being poor,--he made such efforts to be entertaining |
were enormously popular and | being practiced nationwide, with the "trick or treat |
advert to it, for the sake of | being precise and authentic. Not far from this village |
were flung aside without | being put away on the shelves, inkstands were |
closer after this explanation, | being sorely puzzled by the ratiocination of the |
enough to get pleasure out of | being spooked, apparently reserving fear for real |
had not been crossed by a | being that causes more perplexity to mortal man than |
who shall be nameless, | being too rich a mynheer to be lightly mentioned, who |
he should behold some uncouth | being tramping close behind him! and how often was he |
said Dole. "I know that trust is | being violated Dole tried to be brief on his |
and exposed as a human | being whose flaws were many and of reverberating |
that the body of the trooper | having been buried in the churchyard, the ghost rides |
seem to justify his sense of | having been chosen. Portugal was then the |
wonder that he felt sure of | having been divinely selected for a mission, an |
and partly in mortification at | having been suddenly dismissed by the heiress; that he |
| infinitive | to have eaten | to have been eating |
| (passive) | to have been eaten | to have been being eaten |
| gerund | having eaten | (having been eating) |
| (passive) | having been eaten | (having been being eaten) |
the custom of country lovers, | to have a tete-a-tete with the heiress; fully convinced |
new land. The Pilgrims decided | to have a thanksgiving feast to celebrate their good |
of the labor of headwork, | to have a wonderfully easy life of it. The schoolmaster |
sailing westward seems first | to have been mooted by the Florentine cosmographer |
His reputation seemed | to have been secured by the mid-nineteenth century |
this voyage seems already | to have been thinking of his voyage to "Cathay" through |
and admiration. Some seem | to have but one vulnerable point, or door of access |
What do you mean? We've got | to have five out there. Norman: Sit down! Sit! ... ref |
explanations and threatened | to have him hanged from the castle door, which, Pinzón |
of this church seems always | to have made it a favorite haunt of troubled spirits. It |
OK, or if you need to arrange | to have other immunizations. (If so, you can make an |
ones home, who happened | to have pretty sisters, or good housewives for mothers |
both captains seem | to have resigned themselves to let the wind do as it |
with goblin troopers is likely | to have rough riding of it: "Ergo, for a country |
a fibre about him was idle; and | to have seen his loosely hung frame in full motion, and |
the only Pilgrim Father | to have some university training. A member of the local |
his head as high as ever. | To have taken the field openly against his rival would |
idea of saving Medicare "was | to have the poorest Americans pay more." He |
you must go back to McKinley | to have the TB test read. This student also has |
when you come back in 2 days | to have the test read.) After your test: Remember the |
of Revolutionary statesmen | to have their story told prematurely." (Kammen, |
you can make an appointment | to have them done at McKinley for a fee, or go to the |
go to the Public Health Center | to have them done at no charge. The nurse will give you |
will have to arrange | to have them done at their own expense.) ... you should |
should come back in 2 days | to have your test "read." 2. Then she will look through |
not unpleasant countenance, | having a mingled air of fun and arrogance From his |
work." He added that | having all of these transportation sources in one |
that the body of the trooper | having been buried in the churchyard, the ghost rides |
seem to justify his sense of | having been chosen. Portugal was then the |
wonder that he felt sure of | having been divinely selected for a mission, an |
and partly in mortification at | having been suddenly dismissed by the heiress; that he |
He read the prophets, and | having collected all the texts he could showing that |
from La Rábida succeeded in | having Columbus recalled to the court--not to discuss |
was the hero of the scene, | having come to the gathering on his favorite steed |
at Mynheer Van Tassel's; and | having, delivered his message with that air of |
middle of an identity crisis. | Having effected a violent separation from England and |
of all the negroes; who, | having gathered, of all ages and sizes, from the farm |
winter nights before a storm, | having perished there in the snow. The chief part of the |
"is what I deserve for | having raised you to the honour in which you stand |
arrived at Palos soon after | having sought, on the same day, refuge in Bayona, near |
(now a ruined settlement | having the same name on the northern coast of the |
(now a ruined settlement | having the same name on the northern coast of the |
to on oath, under pain of | having their tongues torn out should they recant. He |
to on oath, under pain of | having their tongues torn out should they recant. He |
Sensational comeback! Boyle | having trouble with the inbounds pass. Intercepted by |
Defender of the Faith, e&. | Having undertaken
for the Glory of God, and |
| infinitive | to be eating | to have been eating |
| (passive) | to be being eaten | to have been being eaten |
| gerund | (having been eating) | |
| (passive) | (having been being eaten) |
(check lists above, under passive)
| | |
| (a/the) (adj) WRITING(S) | of ______ (transitive object/intransitive agent) by ______ (transitive agent) |
How many of these can be restated with the "of-phrase"
as the agent?
What functions do these gerunds have in the sentences?
Are they preceded by adverbs or adjectives? are
both possible?
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he could even hear the | barking of the watchdog from the opposite shore of the |
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because it marked the | beginning of the exploitation of America by European |
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than by astronomy. "In the | carrying out of this enterprise of the Indies," he wrote |
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disrupted by the | shouting and chanting of angry anti-Columbus demonstrators. After |
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and then, too, the long-drawn | crowing of a cock, accidentally awakened, would sound |
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of his arms was not unlike the | flapping of a pair of wings. A small wool hat rested on |
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of Independence and the | founding of a refuge for the persecuted people of |
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were not prepared to feed a | gathering of people that large for three days. Seeing |
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but not, in general, of his | handling of a delicate and possibly dangerous situation |
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Postscript Found in the | Handwriting of Mr. Knickerbocker. The preceding Tale |
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of storm, the dreary | hooting of the screech owl, to the sudden rustling in the |
| | |
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the saddle: it was but the | rubbing of one huge bough upon another, as they were |
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the screech owl, to the sudden | rustling in the thicket of birds frightened from their |
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was soon disrupted by the | shouting and chanting of angry anti-Columbus ... |
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The unfounded details of his | wooing of fellow Pilgrim Priscilla Mullens (or Molines |
fair Katrina is yours for the | asking." So, gaily bedecked and nobly mounted upon a |
| | |
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progress is only the | beginning." For all the buildup by Republican |
| | |
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as combative as the advance | billing from either side suggested. But the |
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the scene, having come to the | gathering on his favorite steed Daredevil, a creature |
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with the "trick or treat" | greeting widespread from the late 1930's. The |
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political director. "But the | polling is clear, the dial groups are clear, the focus |
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any good come of this same | reading and writing. Whatever money the schoolmaster |
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information sheet for the TB | screening. Lillian Kutz: ... health form (from our |
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to complete their tuberculosis | screening at McKinley Health Center -- not in their |
displayed a presidential | bearing -- and did not stray from the message of |
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path had not been crossed by a | being that causes more perplexity to mortal man than |
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when the folks at a country | gathering descried this well-known crest at a distance |
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Cuba. On a later | landing on the Paria Peninsula, the sight of native |
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was nothing to equal a merry- | making at Mein Herr Van Tassel's farm. To Ichabod |
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The vote'll be made at a town | meeting on Saturday. Norman: I guess that gives me |
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bones or meat as a spiritual | offering, to help other animals survive. Not to do so |
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would cleave him asunder. An | opening, in the trees now cheered him with the hopes |
parties involved play | acting, costumes and whimsical fortune-telling |
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festivals include door-to-door | begging to benefit children and the poor. Mexico's Day |
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he should behold some uncouth | being tramping close behind him! and how often was he |
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Is that what you call | coaching?! Norman: Pass the ball in. .. for a good shot |
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pursued him again in his last | crossing, but he landed safely in Sanlúcar on November |
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On May 25 Columbus began his | crossing from the Canary Islands, and on June 1 |
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Bay and made their historic | landing on December 21; the main body of settlers |
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of all positive symbolic | meaning. The pendulum has swung, and now he "is the |
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villain who brought pain and | suffering to this innocent continent. There is no |
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to have some university | training. A member of the local gentry in Scrooby |
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a vast continent for new | beginnings . In Columbus the new nation without its own |
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obtained of Columbus' obscure | dealings, bordering on treason, with Genoese agents |
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in spite of its formidable | fastenings of withe and window stakes, and turned |
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stream, and fearful are the | feelings of the school-boy who has to pass it alone after |
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in the country held their | meetings there. But what was still more annoying |
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in reply to all his amorous | oglings; while Brom Bones, sorely smitten with love |
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Hessian on one of his nightly | scourings! All these, however, were mere terrors of |
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trains, and mourning cries and | wailings heard and seen about the great tree where the |
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letter telling of his perils, | wanderings, dreams, and voices he heard from on high |
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autocratic that his thoughts, | writings, and actions at times suggested a man just this |
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that he often sets forth in his | writings and that is the source of both his pride and his |
Ann Salzmann
Intensive English Institute
University of Illinois