FUNCTIONS OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

Study these examples of gerunds and infinitives, taken from the texts we have read so far this semester. (to see a list of the original texts, and links to them, go to the class homepage)

GERUNDS

INFINITIVES:
subj/subj.complement * direct object * purpose * noun complement * adjective complement * too/enough * indirect question * indirect statement * modal phrases

INFINITIVES

subject/subject complement
(more practice)

How many of these infinitives have / could have their own subjects?
Could any of these be replaced by gerunds? Would the meaning or emphasis change?
Can the bold it's be replaced by the infinitive? Can any of the infinitive subjects be replaced by it?

Clinton's strategy was not
to be drawn into questions about his ethics, his aides
(Clinton's strength was not being drawn into ..) (strategy implies future, infinitive better)
prematurely." (Kammen, 27)
To be raised above others would be undemocratic, they
(Being raised above others would be undemocratic ..OK, but infinitive better for "unreal"
opponents, "Their strategy is
 to beat the clock." The White House did get one
of his time, is unrealistic.
To blame one man for the atrocities committed after .. (+v)
other animals survive. Not
to do so would be considered greedy. The Wampanoags
idea of saving Medicare "was
 to have the poorest Americans pay more." He
"The temptation was
to go tit for tat -- they wanted some drama, they
and wrapped cakes. And
to experience that creepy, thrilling rush of being .. (+v)
shores. But their custom was
to help visitors, and they treated the newcomers with
his head as high as ever.
To have taken the field openly against his rival would
a fibre about him was idle; and
 to have seen his loosely hung frame in full motion, and .. (+v)
should never be forgotten. Yet
to place these crimes squarely on the shoulders of .. (+v)
on one night of the year:
to run through neighborhoods and across country lanes .. (+v)
wonder what it would feel like
to start walking and just keep going. Norman: Um hum
(..wonder what to start walking and just keep going would feel like.)
the transportation center is
to update the interior and make conditions more
of fearful pleasure was
to pass long winter evenings with the old Dutch wives
a cavernous gloom over it.
To pass this bridge was the severest trial. It was at
terror. What was to be done?
To turn and fly was now too late; and besides, what
(It was now too late to turn and fly)
brother, it's a frightful sight,
To see what goes on Halloween night. When the spooks
have been expected to foresee.
 To judge this action from the moral standpoint of the .. (+v)
at the blue hills of the Hudson.
To look upon its grass-grown yard, where the .. (+v)
aide, said, "Our goal was
to make sure we had a way to characterize the

direct object
(more practice)

Could any of these infinitives be replaced by gerunds? Any change in meaning?
Could subjects be added, or omitted?
Can/Do any of these infinitives have adjectives? adverbs?

with him they could afford
to be, but not at the cost of the public good. On the
by which they agreed
to establish a "Civil Body Politic" (a temporary
to allow money saved in them
to be used for health care, education and the
bridge will allow passengers
 to easily walk to the tracks to board their train, Volk
use, to "allow the building
to pay for itself," Volk said. There is a possibility
center will allow passengers
to travel into the city by train or over-the-road bus
with him; allowed the rebels
to break it. He finally concluded a second agreement
Before the wind allowed him
to land he was informed by a messenger sent out by
to Columbus for allowing me
to sleep late on a Monday morning. Now in my college
if he were not allowed
to find more gold in that New World where gold was
He asked to be allowed
to call at Española and was expressly forbidden to do so
and should be allowed
to register for classes on the U of I campus. Look at the
be ascertained. He appeared
 to be a horseman of large dimensions, and mounted on a
OK, or if you need to arrange
 to have other immunizations. (If so, you can make an
will have to arrange
to have them done at their own expense.) ... you should
Asked before the debate
to predict Dole's tone, George Stephanopoulos, Clinton's
asked, as acting principal,
to inform you that a petition's been issued requesting a
Columbus asked him
to become his partner, and Pinzón accepted. The
1970, they asked one of them
 to speak at the ceremony to mark the 350th
asked for all prisoners
to be handed over. Diego refused. Next day, after mass
Fernando (then 13). He asked
 to be allowed to call at Española and was expressly
in Segovia, and he asked
to be restored "the capital of my honour . . . the
March 30 asking him
to come to court at once. They feared lest the King of Portugal<
on March 30 asking him
to come to court at once. They feared lest the King of
you don't have and ask you
to fill out all or part of them right there. When you are
in the ribs, and attempted
to dash briskly across the bridge; but instead of
midterms, I attempted
to find solace under a tree on the Quad. I had just
two patents authorizing them
to settle in the northern part of the company's
increased, and was authorized
to populate Española with convicts. He declined a royal
mischief-making began
to be practiced by the newcomers, it fueled native
(michief-making began being practiced ..)
greatness of Columbus began
to reveal itself, for it was at this moment that he
influence of the air, and begin
to grow imaginative, to dream dreams, and see
and begin to grow imaginative,
 to dream dreams, and see apparitions. I mention this
the poor schoolmaster began
 to think all the witches in the country held their
They began then and there
to think of the Spaniards as only a shade less tyrannical
files of wild ducks began
to make their appearance high in the air; the bark of the
this fearful tree, he began
to whistle; he thought his whistle was answered; it was
the stream, his heart began
to thump he summoned up, however, all his resolution
did the same. His heart began
 to sink within him; he endeavored to resume his psalm
Hans Van Ripper now began
 to feel some uneasiness about the fate of poor Ichabod
ambitious man, at once began
 to fill his mind with many sugared thoughts and hopeful
Indeed, it behooved him
to keep on good terms with his pupils. The revenue
for it behooved him
to keep on good terms with his pupils -- especially if
the good people, causing them
to walk in a continual reverie. They are given to all
about the matter than he chose
 to tell. The old country wives, however, who are the
frolic Katrina again chose
to stir the embers of the smoldering rivalry. Thus
Third voyage. Columbus chose
 to arrive in Franciscan habit as a protection against any
a myth and symbol. He came
to epitomize the explorer and discoverer, the man of
that Halloween has come
to express. Hoosiers (1986 -- 1 hour 55 minutes
was the form he himself came
 to prefer and wished to be used. He never took the
of course, no spectre dared
 to show its face, it was dearly purchased by the
out of doors that should dare
 to call him comrade! Old Baltus Van Tassel moved about
some of the sailors who dared
 to join Columbus on his dangerous first journey were
after the best player decides
 to drop out. Can schools this small actually become
The monarchs then decided
to set up a special commission of "learned men and
Finally they decided
to approach them. Samoset walked into the village and
America at that time, decided
 to stay with the Pilgrims for the next few months and
new land. The Pilgrims decided
to have a thanksgiving feast to celebrate their good
congregation decided (1617)
to seek refuge in America, Bradford took major
the Rock of Sintra. He decided
 to enter the Tagus River. The Portuguese king received
the proud viceroy. He decided
to leave and appointed Bartolomé as governor and Diego
west of the island. He decided
to return to Isabella just because he made up his mind
corsair. He then decided
to send three of his ships directly to his brother and
his chivalrous spirit disdained
to ask while living. As the enraptured Ichabod fancied
beneath his feet; and dread
to look over his shoulder, lest he should behold some
of that spirit driving forces
to explore and discover." (Noble, 249) The conflicting
the group's members elected
to leave Leiden. A small ship, the Speedwell, carried
Bobadilla was empowered
to send back to Spain any person regardless of rank. A
to enable each story-teller
to dress up his tale with a little becoming fiction, and
the mainland; this enabled him
 to benefit by the trade winds, and on November 3 the
to enable him and his brother
to come to court. When Columbus saw his royal patrons
children were encouraged
to go door to door and receive treats from homes and
sink within him; he endeavored
 to resume his psalm tune, but his parched tongue clove
the pommel, and endeavored
to hold it firm, but in vain; and had just time to save
at him. Ichabod endeavored
 to dodge the horrible missile, but too late. It
and enjoining all and sundry
to obey him. But, alleging that the natives were restive
and his brothers enjoined them
 to obey and deliver to Bobadilla all royal property
the royal letter enjoining him
to pay all arrears of salaries, if need be, on Columbus'
health plan entitles you
to use this center. If you become familiar with the
could not have been expected
to foresee. To judge this action from the moral
"We expected him
to repeat the same attack on the tax cut -- that was
"nobody expected this debate
to be a make or break for the campaign
going to be expecting you
to take the last shot. We're going to use you as a decoy
for 10 years, is expected
to become a reality by 1998, making travel into, out
laws. Half the colony failed
to survive the first winter, but the remainder lived on
the schoolmaster had failed
to reckon with. That was the redoubtable Brom Bones
17 the next semester if they fail
to comply with this state law. Go
and was expressly forbidden
 to do so, at any rate on the way out. He sailed from
one you're kind of forced
to deal with. Norman: Translate. Is that some sort of
pedagogue, he was forced
to admit that here, here was a flawless picture of ease
But Ms. Doory, who never got
 to ask her question, said on Thursday that she left the
The boys and I are getting
 to know each other to see who we are and what we can
magic, however, in getting us
to really care about the fate of the team and the people
patterns before you go
to score. All right? Is that clear? ... ??: Yes. Norman
less where America happens
 to be. This tallied tolerably well with II Esdras 6:42
ones home, who happened
to have pretty sisters, or good housewives for mothers
farmhouse where he happened
to be quartered, every sound of nature, at that
if their mothers happened
to be good cooks. Who's the town's ladies man? Gets
ball in an iron hoop. And I hate
to tell you this, Mr. Dale, but it's only a game. Norman
a scarecrow would hate
to own. Yet he has a certain air Debonair and devil
Squanto and helped him
to get to Spain and later on a ship to England
who were helping
to finance the expedition. In the meantime the Leiden
labors of their farms, helped
to make hay, mended the fences, took the horses to
posture, did not hesitate
to challenge some of the former Senate majority
is where Hackman hopes
to make his comeback, but he doesn't think only of
closer to him -- was intended
to unnerve him as he set out to attack the
was intended most logically
 to prove:-- "That there is no situation in life but has
handlers led the public
to believe. Dole's aides wanted him to pointedly
the pumpkin; which led some
to suspect that he knew more about the matter than he
many adventures and learned
to speak English. Squanto came back to New England
Perhaps our society will learn
to effectively challenge every-day threats and dangers
come back until you learn
to keep your mouth shut and listen. Whit: You're
own. Norman: I'd kind of like
to see you up on your feet. Cletus: You can count on it
like you to leave. I'd like you
to leave now. Norman: Time out, ref! ??: Nice shot
need to hear that. I'd like you
to leave. I'd like you to leave now. Norman: Time out
car. Norman: Would you like
to take a walk? ... That's pretty. Myra: Yeah, in late
Norman: Would you like
to go over to Deer Lick some evening to take in a movie
a gold mine! How I'd love
to hit the jackpot! Dear Katrina, Papa's only child
good to be ordered and made
 to work, sow and do all that is necessary and to adopt
and had also managed
to build one European-style building out of squared logs
himself that God meant him
to leave behind an establishment with all the men and
curtail Medicare. "We need
 to reform it, not wreck it," he said while
He added, "We need
to reform it, not wreck it." Dole also used the
would be -- Dole needed
to change the nature of the race, and he didn't do it
tell you anything that you need
 to know. Norman: No, you don't understand. I want you
son. Shooter: I don't need
 to hear that. I'd like you to leave. I'd like you to leave
Some buses will need
to be rerouted in the downtown area to accommodate
bus right to where they need
to go, Rost said. "It is an advantage to the
rocky soil. They needed
 to learn new ways for a new world, and the man who
Jerusalem. He did not need
to consult cosmographers, merchants, or ambassadors
they are all OK, or if you need
 to arrange to have other immunizations. (If so, you can
how to begin if you ever need
to see a doctor or nurse. Also remember that there is
teacher will probably offer
to take you there together. Or you can go by yourself
Hollow, and was obliged
to get up behind him; how they galloped over bush and
trooper; that he had offered
to race with him for a bowl of punch, and should have
at the news, ordered him
to be set free, and sent him 2,000 ducats to enable him
his critics have painted him
to be. As most 10-year-olds can tell you, Columbus
Students are not permitted
 to register for U of I (or IEI) classes the next semester
U>persuaded the King and Queen
to recall him, and all his requests were met. First
said. "Dole was prepared
to respond with indignation." Thus, after Clinton
own experiences, presumes
to find patterns that illuminate both the past and the
and bowing, and pretending
to be on good terms with every songster of the grove
interview I will not pretend
 to say, for in fact I do not know. Something, however, I
eloquence. I profess not
 to know how women's hearts are wooed and won. To me
provided in her will for him
 to be "restored in the possession of the Indies." His
good Dutch settlers refused
to believe such nonsense, for they knew the
met Columbus, who refused
to acknowledge the appointment on the ground that the
the voyage he refused
 to be unchained. Sad, and with his irons still on, he
I'm fine. .. Now you remember
 to discipline your game. Absolutely no shots until
scratch your arm. Remember
 to bring your imunization card with you when you come
bandaid off. But remember not
to scratch the area. This teacher is asking this student
to decay, and was reported
to be haunted by the ghost of the unfortunate pedagogue
the Arawaks were required
to work in gold mines, they often could not grow food
students are required
to complete their tuberculosis screening at McKinley
are required by state law
to provide evidence of immunity to certain vaccine
to have resigned themselves
to let the wind do as it pleased; they signalled
to be gold about, he resolved
to leave his brother Bartolomé there with 80 men; but
this fall and is scheduled
to be completed in October or November of 1998
While Dole sought
 to remind voters of the latter, he was put on the
His reputation seemed
to have been secured by the mid-nineteenth century
despite his strategy, seemed
 to ease deeper at times into the details of
academy of seamanship, seem
to justify his sense of having been chosen. Portugal
sailing westward seems first
to have been mooted by the Florentine cosmographer
this voyage seems already
to have been thinking of his voyage to "Cathay" through
(Gene Hackman), who seems
to be too old and too experienced to be coaching in an
in this movie seems
to be trying to start over in life, and, in a way
dreamy influence seems
to hang over the land, and to pervade the very
her whole ninefold, seems
to make it the favorite scene of her gambols. The<
enchanted region, and seems
to be commander-in-chief of all the powers of the air
In his mind there seemed
to combine and struggle the two different and
and admiration. Some seem
to have but one vulnerable point, or door of access
of this church seems always
 to have made it a favorite haunt of troubled spirits. It
where the sunbeams seem
to sleep so quietly, one would think that there at least
and darker; the stars seemed
to sink deeper in the sky, and driving clouds
both captains seem
to have resigned themselves to let the wind do as it
Now the forest seemed
to close in behind him. And every small detail of
their rallying cry seemed
 to be Columbus was a bad guy. To elaborate
everybody seemed
to be entering the business to a point that made
(Bethlehem). As there seemed
to be gold about, he resolved to leave his brother
be fine. The kids are starting
 to get it. I mean, it's really fun! ??: Progress
given them. Mistrust started
 to grow and the friendship weakened. The Pilgrims
community alive. He strove
 to sustain the religious ideals of the founders and to
scoundrel dog whom he taught
to whine in the most ludicrous manner, and introduced
your mouth shut until I tell you
to open it. ??: What kind of ... stuff are you trying to
God told him. Norman:
To paint the bus and drive the team? Norman: These
and fell into a walk, thinking
 to lag behind, --the other did the same. His heart began
Jones, had threatened
to leave the Pilgrims unless they quickly found a place
explanations and threatened
 to have him hanged from the castle door, which, Pinzón
met storms that threatened
to drown the explorers. During the night of February 14
violated Dole tried
to be brief on his earlier controversy over whether
Whit: Have fun, coach, trying
 to win with five. .. well, make that four and a half
advantage. Anybody who tried
to block the pursuit of that advantage, I'd just push him
kind of ... stuff are you trying
to pull out there? Norman: Get out! ??: For Christ's
Cletus: Norm, I'm trying hard
to believe that you know what you're doing. Norman: I
Cletus: What are you trying
 to do? Norman: Those of you on the floor at the end
ball was dead; I was trying
 to call a time out' ref: You re gone! Norman: What do
people in this town are trying
to do to you, neither. Norman: You stay in the game. I
this movie seems to be trying
to start over in life, and, in a way, basketball is simply
Volk said. "We're trying
to integrate transportation functions into the
a head to swap. So don't try
 to figure out a plan. You can't reason with a headless
hungry and angry. He tried
 to make them build a mill for the wheat he had brought
hours of sleep before trying
to figure out what to write for this week's column. My
my powers of perception tend
 to be shady at best, but I believe their rallying cry
the evening turned out
to be a victory of sorts for the questioners, who
Perot urged four groups
to vote for him on Nov. 5. He singled out Americans in
the congregation voted
to emigrate to America. Through the Brewster family's
in a ditch or well waiting
to be hanged," was summoned to Santo Domingo and
unexplored wasteland waiting
to be developed. There is evidence that suggests Afro
sheet, and wait for your name
to be called for the TB test. .. Nurse: Mary
a Columbus they wanted
to believe in and were quite satisfied with their
President Clinton wanted
to give us" in 1993. "If that isn't a liberal idea, I
Dole's aides wanted him
to pointedly raise questions about the president's
advisers did not want Dole
to "get away with saying a lot of wild, crazy things
the election. "But I don't want
 to throw my vote away."
Jimmy! I want you
to meet someone. This is Norman Dale, our new coach
I guess you're going to want
 to talk about Jimmy? Norman: Why would I? Myra
of you who feel you don't want
 to be on the team, feel free to leave right now. Did you
1950 years. Everett: I don't want
to hear it, Dad. Norman: Jimmy, I didn't see you in
today. Any reason you want
to tell me about? You know, in the ten years that I
met anybody who wanted
 to win as badly as I did. I'd do anything I had to do to
not. Myra: Mr. Dale, I want
to talk to you. Leave him alone, all right? He's a real
really do? I don't want this
 to be the high point of his life. I've seen them, the real
shot! ... Norman: I want you
 to close down those passing lanes. Your defense is
in practice, all right? I want
to see it on the court! How many times are we going to
about whether or not you want
 to be on this team or not -- under the following
it strange I ever wanted
to leave town. He kept telling me I'd be back. Of course
on now, boys. ref: You want
to stay in this game, friend? Go back to the bench
up for a while, and I want you
to give me a hand. Shooter: Well, I can tell you
don't understand. I want you
 to be my assistant. I want you to come to practices and
to be my assistant. I want you
to come to practices and sit on the bench with me
Lick. I was curious. I want
to tell you that I think your efforts in regards to
red team. Norman: I just want
to discuss this with him, all right? .. You got chicken
Everett: He said he wanted
 to be alone, sir. Too much pressure. Norman: Hey, you
by the end of the game I want
 to know what flavor he is. All right? ... Block him off
bench. Everett: No, I want
 to play. Norman: Come on, you're on the bench. Strap
have anything they want
to say? ??: Yeah. Let's win this one for all the small
to get here. Everett: I want
to win for my Dad. ??: Let's win for Coach. He got us
Cletus: Jimmy, I want you
to meet someone. It's Norm Dale, the new coach
a sportswriter again, I'd want
to cover them again. There is a passion to high school
That is where you want
to go. What should you bring with you to the McKinley
of Columbus Day, I want
to establish my liberal credentials so no one can accuse
came to prefer and wished
to be used. He never took the traditional form Columbus
then; now even tailors wish
to discover." That was all very well, but how was he
on them, and they wished
to send a second expedition as soon as possible; they
both Columbus and Fonseca
to make haste; but the plan for the second expedition
everyone in his squadron
to swear to on oath, under pain of having their tongues

purpose

Can you find the actions here for which the infinitives answer the question "why.. ? "
Can these infinitives all be restated with experessions like in order to, so that X could/would, etc?

rerouted in the downtown area
to accommodate the new location, Volk said. The
(.. rerouted in the downtown area so that they could accommodate the new location)
Retirement Accounts
to allow money saved in them to be used for health care
(.. Retirement Accounts so that money saved in them can be used for health care ..)
leased out for commercial use,
to "allow the building to pay for itself," Volk said
altered of late years, so as
to approach the church by the border of the mill-pond
He had sent a messenger
to ask Ovando for help. Two caravels arrived late in the
to unnerve him as he set out
to attack the president. Sosnik said
and little charms and chants
to attract sweethearts and foresee the future. In
no good. Show up at practice
to be a body. Equipment managing's my trade. Norman
poor,--he made such efforts
to be entertaining. When his story was concluded, there<
Myra: I .. I think in order
to be fair, ... I think it would be a big mistake to let
know, most people would kill
 to be treated like a god, just for a few moments. Myra
include door-to-door begging
to benefit children and the poor. Mexico's Day of the
to easily walk to the tracks
to board their train, Volk said. The third and
of gold in the Carribean
to bring back to Ferdinand and Isabella. Instead, he
to promote more competition
to bring down inflation" and declaring that he had
"We worked hard
to bring the deficit down," Clinton said, pointedly
old Patuxet village once stood
to build their new town of Plymouth. It would be
to have a thanksgiving feast
to celebrate their good fortune. They had observed
opposition and adversity
to change history." (Noble, 249
The Mayflower set sail again
to commemorate the 375th anniversary of theoriginal
1825, utilizing the documents
to create a romantic hero for the nineteenth century
boatless, empty of supplies,
to cross 7,000 miles [11,263 kilometres] of sea with a
first used by William Bradford
to describe the Leiden Separatists who were leaving
was worried. Had Pinzón gone
to discover the source of gold and to talk to the great
recalled to the court--not
to discuss his plan this time but to name the price he
each with a confessor
to dispatch guilty prisoners by the same method. On
a provokingly short petticoat,
 to display the prettiest foot and ankle in the country
and sent him 2,000 ducats
to enable him and his brother to come to court. When
what the candidates would do
to fix the health system, Dole quickly seized the
take a bipartisan agreement
to fix the Social Security system when it runs
with a nighttime wander
to frighten away roving spirits, while some festivals
take the Indiana National Guard
to get me out of here. Shooter: Well, there's a shock
during each year in order
to get food. In the spring they would fish in the rivers
Iroquois to Albany, New York,
to explain their system to a delegation who then
meat as a spiritual offering,
to help other animals survive. Not to do so would be
world, and the man who came
 to help them was called "Tisquantum" (Tis SKWAN tum
the green corn festival
to give thanks for the ripening corn. In late fall, the
the first hour of his arrival
to go home and get more food. Thus it happened that the
people were sitting at a table
 to eat instead of on mats or furs spread on the ground
together with the Indian men
to eat. The Pilgrim women, however, stood quietly
to Amsterdam in 1608
to escape harassment and religious persecution. The
the Queen pawned her jewels
to fund the expedition is quite untrue. More than 1,000
England for Holland in order
 to freely practice his religion. He was one of the 102
And by Virtue hereof
to enact, constitute, and frame, such just and equal
powers of an anaconda; but
to help out his maintenance, he was, according to
family of wives and children
 to enjoy the rich morsel which he had discovered. The
might of his adversary
to enter the lists against him; he had overheard a boast
of spirit. Fain would I pause
to dwell upon the world of charms that burst upon the
was so vague and faint as only
to give an idea of his distance from this faithful
hoping by a sudden movement
to give his companion the slip; but the spectre started
he rides one night each year
To find a head in the hollow here. Now, he likes them
for a top to chop So don't stop
to figure out a plan, You can't reason with a headless
splendour. The monarchs rose
to greet him and offered him a stool. This was but the
Brom's awful story returned
to haunt his recollection. Once you cross that bridge
force to relieve Margarite and
to explore the island. Although the situation in Isabella
to be Columbus was a bad guy.
 To elaborate, protesters claimed Columbus was
shackled. When he was brought
to embark for Spain, Columbus feared that he was being
the idea of sailing west
to reach the east, even what island he first landed on
dawning Age of Discovery)
to set his place in history. America was the right place
simplify, and mould Columbus
to reflect the image of an independent and growing
Dole also used the question
to remindpeople of Clinton's proposed overhaul of the
saying, "We've worked hard
to promote more competition to bring down inflation
a federal commission
to study the issue. "When we take away choices," Dole
nights in the next four months,
to represent you, this high school. That kind of
me until Friday night's game
to prove myself, huh? Myra: I think it goes a lot
responsibility for. I was hired
to teach the boys the game of basketball, and I did that
to Deer Lick some evening
to take in a movie? Myra: "Norman Dale, coach of the
over the Middle West are here
to witness Hoosierland's version of the Cinderella story
are getting to know each other
to see who we are and what we can be. Let's be real
of "learned men and mariners"
to study Columbus' proposals. This commission, under
on Champaign residents
to pay for the facility. The construction of the center is
had brought with them
to plant would not grow in the rocky soil. They
Squanto and Samoset went
to stay with a neighboring village of Wampanoags
was unanimously elected
to replace him. He was reelected 30 times. In 1640
ships with cheap merchandise
to relieve aboriginals of their gold but also took on
King and Country, a voyage
to plant the first colony in the northern parts of
perched upon his spindle neck
to tell which way the wind blew. To see him striding
dismissed in the afternoon,
to stretch himself on the rich bed of clover bordering
one evening in each week,
to receive his instructions in psalmody, was Katrina
the natives, he left in a hurry
to see "whether I can come across the Island of Cipango
waggery in his disposition, and
to play off boorish practical jokes upon his rival
islands further south came
to take them away and eat them. Columbus was
now and then in the rear,
to quicken their speed or help them over a tall word
the source of gold and
to talk to the great khan before him? Or worse still
still, had he sailed to Spain
 to steal from Columbus the glory of the discovery? In
had their ears or nose cut off
 to senda message to the rest of the population. Because
when they turn out at night
to walktheir rounds, they have no acquaintance left to
la Navidad and chose 38 men
to remain there under Diego de Arana, a relative of his
pedagogue all a mere sham
to secure her conquest of his rival? Heaven only knows
back 40 miles (64 kilometres)
to seek a safe anchorage, and he and Pinzón went
now Ichabod cast a look behind
 to see if his pursuer should vanish, according to rule, in
covered daily in order
to put other sailors off the track of "his" Indies. On
always called upon his guests
to tell him ghostly tales of Halloween. And Brom knew
stay in the Canary Islands
to restock food and water and live animals for the New
He then sent a strong force
to relieve Margarite and to explore the island
to "pacify" them--in fact,
to take prisoners who could be justified as slaves
by the King and Queen
to reporton the situation, landed (October 1495), he
Ovando, appointed governor
to succeed Bobadilla, sailed for Española from Sanlúcar
enough to go to Seville
to prepare his fourth expedition. He bought four ships of
eldest son, Diego (then 21),
 to represent him at court, and took with him his
and he wrote to his son
to seek the help of King Ferdinand's men. He wrote
and arrange our memories
to suit our psychic needs." -- Michael Kammen
hall forum was designed
to offer audience interaction, and not merely one-on
the amiability of the setting
 to keep Clinton in the crosshairs of his attack
strategy. He labored
to move quickly from the questions' specific subject
an ever more destructive way
to "let off steam" for crowded and poor urban
the Boy Scouts then mobilized
to organize safe and fun alternatives to vandalism
I did. I'd do anything I had
to do to increase my advantage. Anybody who tried to block
is giving toward the project
to "make the development work." He added that having
they moved to the forest
to hunt deer and other animals. After the end of the
and their immediate families
to join them for a celebration, but they had no idea how
discuss his plan this time but
to name the price he set on it. The price was exorbitant
the custom of country lovers,
to have a tete-a-tete with the heiress; fully convinced
who had gone to London
to make arrangements for the voyage to America. The
through major renovations
to make her more seaworthy. In 1992, theMayflower II
ideals of the founders and
to keep the colony's settlements compact and separate
representatives. He was sent
 to negotiate with the local Native People, the
greater proof of generalship
to maintain possession of the latter, for man must
as a rival of Ichabod's,
to instruct her in psalmody. In this way matters went
island). He sent Luis de Torres
to interview the khan, but Torres found neither the
of his recollection,
to make himself the hero of every exploit. There was
looking to the right or left
to notice the scene of rural wealth, on which he had so
that he was!) he had much ado
to maintain his seat; sometimes slipping on one side
like a knight- errant of old
to keep a tryst with his lady fair. In all the countryside
Isabella on March 24, 1495,
to "pacify" them--in fact, to take prisoners who could
renamed Native People's Day
to honor the victims of Columbus' greed and cruelty
sent Roldán with two caravels
to meet Ojeda, who listened to Roldán but went his own
Fleener's. Not mine. It's yours
to do with what you choose. Because that's what I
mood. "There will be no wind
to come back," the unbelievers sighed; and a strong

noun complement (reduced adj. or noun clause)

Can these be restated as full adjective or noun clauses?
What kinds of nouns are followed by noun clauses?

they have no acquaintance left
to call upon. This is perhaps the reason why we so
(.. no acquaintance left that/whom they could call upon) -- adjective clause
easily conquered adversaries
 to contend with and had to make his way merely
( .. easily conquered adversaried that/whom he had to contend with .. )
sky, without a breath of air
 to move them. The horizon was of a fine golden tint
it left Brom no alternative but
 to draw upon the funds of rustic waggery in his
(.. left Brom no alternative but that he should draw upon the funds .. ) - noun clause
not that he had anything
to apprehend from the meddlesome interference of
you can make an appointment
to have them done at McKinley for a fee, or go to the
theMayflower II won approval
to carry passengers after congress passed special
(it won approval that they could carry passengers ..)
of his life in pitiable attempts
to regain the splendour and vast possessions that had
in several fruitless attempts
to make a copy of verses in honor of the heiress of Van
signals for rival candidates
to retire, who felt no inclination to cross a lion in his
as Dole's last big chance
to close Clinton's yawning lead in most public opinion
that he had no chance
 to win the election. "But I don't want to throw my vote
that never had a chance
to get here. Everett: I want to win for my Dad
them to speak at the ceremony
 to mark the 350th anniversary of the Pilgrim's arrival
individuals have made a choice
to work, a choice for sacrifice, to put themselves on
and report and curiosity
to explore. At last, on January 16, 1493, he sailed for
thinking that the final decision
 to let him go was prompted by information the
in 1819 expressed a desire
to "'lose myself among the shadowy grandeurs of the
Last Monday, in an effort
to escape my rapidly approaching midterms, I
not even the first European
to sail to America. Historians are fairly confident that
I know everything there is
to know about the greatest game ever invented
had any family of his own
to speak of. At least he comes on down to the school and
He obviously was not the first
to set eyes on this "new world"-the people whom he
the only Pilgrim Father
to have some university training. A member of the local
Columbus was not the first
to come to America. Obviously, Native Americans were
if I am, you will be the first
 to know. Myra: OK. Norman: Good morning. George
a firm foundation on which
to base a shared sense of their social selves." (65) A
firing. We've got ten games
to play, right? We're going to be a tough team to beat
own struggle between haste
 to return and report and curiosity to explore. At last
He's out looking for a head
to swap. So don't try to figure out a plan. You can't
being belated, and in a hurry
to get back to the churchyard before daybreak. Such is
out, it would be a good idea
 to look around a little. Your student health plan entitles
children, and their inability
 to secure civil autonomy, the congregation voted to
retire, who felt no inclination
 to cross a lion in his amours; insomuch, that when his
with an invitation to Ichabod
to attend a merry - making or "quilting-frolic," to be
and a pressing invitation
to "fall to, and help themselves." And now the sound of
clean here. We've got a job
 to do. So, come on coach, let me show you around
Now boys, this man's got a job
to do. He wants you out of here. I best believe you'd
madness; for he was not a man
 to be thwarted in his amours, any more than that
Brom Bones was never a man
to cry quits. It was upon the occasion of her father's
to the first man of the crew
to see land. The humble sailor who actually had first
1498 asking for a learned man
 to administer justice in the New World. They chose an
and that he was no man
to be entrusted with a government. Generous with him
first mission to America was
 to find gold or something valuable to bring back to the
think it would be a big mistake
 to let Coach Dale go. Give him a chance . ??: Look, Sam
human need to explain origins,
to create self-identity through national identity, was
they believed. The human need
 to explain origins, to create self-identity through
I'm doing here has nothing
to do with you. Myra: Just stay away from Jimmy. I
there was nothing
to equal a merry-making at Mein Herr Van Tassel's
or he has nowhere else
to go. Norman: What I'm doing here has nothing to do
There's always another one
to start. And yet when you've met that little coquette
seized the opportunity
to lambast Clinton on Medicare. "Let me say
friars. He carried orders
to restore to Columbus his property confiscated by
from Fonseca permission
to go "discovering," sailed about with varied fortunes
Columbus was the first person
 to discover America. He proved the world was round
they quickly found a place
 to land, the ship remained at Plymouth during the first
the Quad for a quieter place
 to sleep, it occurred to me that until the demonstration
whether he had plans "
to expand the Family Leave Act" -- one of his
no foul! You're out of position
 to make the call.... Charging all the way! ??: Get him
propensity of their husbands
to linger about the village tavern on market days. Be
Company for the proposal
to resettle the congregation in America, and he was
are peculiar quavers still
to be heard in that church, and which may even be
- making or "quilting-frolic,"
 to be held that evening at Mynheer Van Tassel's; and
"People had even more reason
to think of themselves in distinctive American terms
he's giving him a reason
to seek the kind of treatment that might help
his stiff-necked reluctance
to bow before authority; it was but natural that he
choices and have a right
to get out once a year." The president also said
they had no legal right
to settle in the region, they drew up the Mayflower
the court, including the right
 to display a castle and a lion (royal symbols) on his
Columbus had every right
to consider him a poacher. He sent Roldán with two
man of hidden talents, a rival
to be reckoned with. Still, wars are neither won nor
work, a choice for sacrifice,
to put themselves on the line 23 nights in the next four
Two minutes, ten seconds
to go in the final period. South Bend Central on top, 40
It's 40-38, 33 seconds
to go. Sensational comeback! Boyle having trouble with
find gold or something valuable
to bring back to the Spanish crown. But Columbus found
My son's got something
 to say to you. Rade: Sorry, coach, about walking out
Cletus: You get you something
 to eat. Everett Fletch: Give it up. Cletus: It's only
Jimmy: I've got something
to say. Well, son, you'd better say what you've got
of Revolutionary statesmen
to have their story told prematurely." (Kammen, 27
given a life-time suspension
to be honored by all NCAA signatories for physically
We're going to be a tough team
to beat. Now you come along for the ride, OK? Shooter
Myra: What a pleasant thing
to say. Norman: Cletus. What are you doing down
right place at the right time
 to appropriate, simplify, and mould Columbus to reflect
but I figure it's time for me
 to start playing ball. ??: I told you, once we got rid of
The almanac says it's time
to start planting. Norman: Is the almanac always right
official: Hickory, it's time
to take the floor. Cletus: I'll get Preacher. Norman: OK
mark! I want breath and time
to discuss this banquet as it deserves, and am too eager
they have scarcely had time
 to finish their first nap and turn themselves in their
but in vain; and had just time
to save himself by clasping old Gunpowder round the
was too much! It was time
to carry the issue to open warfare. Why, he'd double
Columbus had, however, time
to observe that the gulf received huge and powerful
He's out looking for a top
to chop So don't stop to figure out a plan, You can't
a tradition in tournament play
to not talk about the next step until you've climbed the
It is a great triumph of skill
 to gain the former, but a still greater proof of
first two American vessels
to arrive in Europe--cast anchor at Cádiz. Second
to make sure we had a way
to characterize the attacks in a way that would
new lands? new ways
to sail to the old lands? Although vague about his plan
Ichabod found time and ways
to increase his slender income and at the same time
last 24 hours. What's it have
to do with you? Myra: I look after him. His mother's
who better than Columbus
to represent the bold new America? Americans still
about for another grand work
to achieve and found it in his biblical, prophetic mind
flaming top, He's got a yen
 to make a swap, So he rides one night each year To

adjective complement

Can you restate these as noun clauses?

Columbus was anxious
to explore Cuba, which he sighted on April 29, but
(Columbus was anxious that he could explore Cuba ..)
rustic patrons, who are apt
to consider the costs of schooling a grievous burden
language which a negro is apt
to display on petty embassies of the kind, he dashed
appearance, therefore, is apt
to occasion some little stir at the tea-table of a
child." Still, he was careful
to administer justice with discrimination, for it
made a kill, he was careful
to leave behind some bones or meat as a spiritual
when his critics, not content
 to leave him in peace after being dead for more than
you're going to be convinced
 to go after him. Norman: Well, if I am, you will be the
Whit: Sure, I'm just curious
to know when we start. Norman: We start when I say
back toward Cuba, determined
to find out whether or not it was the mainland. His
that time forward, determined
 to send his children no more to school; observing that
but by no means disposed
to alter their view as to his political capacity. They
other European powers eager
to colonize. As a result, countless Native American
Americans were eager
to share and enjoy." (Noble, 256) By the
it deserves, and am too eager
to get on with my story. Happily, Ichabod Crane was
I 've seen. I'm very excited
to be part of Indiana basketball. This is your team
to be on the team, feel free
to leave right now. Did you hear what 1 said? Whit
with goblin troopers is likely
to have rough riding of it: "Ergo, for a country
transformation, were loath
to be raised to their pedestals. "Even though every
Pilgrims were not prepared
to feed a gathering of people that large for three days
prepared for the president
to attack the Dole tax plan as a "risky scheme
a huge bag of wool, ready
to be spun; in another, a quantity of linsey-woolsey
the poor varlet was ready
to give up the ghost, with the idea that he was struck
eye upon each other, but ready
 to fly out in the common cause against any new
beheld at quay, ready
to sail, his three vessels--the decked ship "Marigalante
he was ready at any time
to show the sword, with the hilt a little bent. There
some gigantic monster ready
to spring upon the traveller. The hair of the affrighted
was also ready for Bob Dole
to jab and pound relentlessly. "I was praying for
Pinelo. Soria was reluctant
to treat an upstart like Columbus as a magnificent lord
I guess. Norman: Sorry
to disappoint You. Myra: Yeah. No, I must have
Patuxet. They were startled
to see people from England in their deserted village
fashions, as most suited
to set off her charms. She wore the ornaments of pure
they are sure, in a little time,
to inhale the witching influence of the air, and begin to
future, you can leave. Be sure
to keep all appointments! Some immunizations must be
Public Health Center, be sure
 to tell McKinley so they can update their records. On
that she was surprised
to see a statue of George Washington there, "who, until
Pilgrims were very surprised
 to meet two Indians who spoke English. The
jurisdiction. Unable
to finance the costs of the emigration with their own
Cod on November 19. Unable
 to reach the land they had contracted for, they
of voting age who are unlikely
to vote. October 18, 1996 Rival Camps
was sympathetic and willing
to please Columbus and, on his suggestion, put
that it's best for him not
to play this ... Norman: Oh, I see. Well, that's fine
it easy for early Americans
to take Columbus and mold him to their purposes
It would be very good
to say that this friendship lasted a long time; but
that, It is not hard
to understand the appeal of Columbus as a totem for the
conquest, but it is important
 to realize that things were not perfect before
happened, but it is important
 to understand all of the story and not just the happy
Norman: Isn't it a little late
 to be calling on folks? Shooter: I wouldn't trust old
Phillip's War. It is sad
to think that this happened, but it is important to

too/enough

Can you restate these, indicating what was or was not possible/desirable because of the adjective..

be too old and too experienced
 to be coaching in an obscure backwater like Hickory
Because of his age he couldn't/shouldn't have been coaching in an obscure ..
think Senator Dole is too old
 to be president,"Clinton answered one questioner. "It's
but Columbus was too proud
 to listen. The next day the "Niña" again "saw" land, but
Because he was proud, he didn't/couldn't listen.
being too rich a mynheer
to be lightly mentioned, who, in the battle of White
and he was too wary
to give him an opportunity. There was something
had felt confident enough
to go to Seville to prepare his fourth expedition. He
Because he was confident, he could go ...
and fantastic, large enough
to form trunks for ordinary trees, twisting down
Because of it size, it could form trunks ..
I've been around long enough
 to recognize a home-town referee. ref: Technical foul
reveal a society secure enough
 to get pleasure out of being spooked, apparently
was warm enough for the sap
to run in the maple trees, sometimes as early as<
well. There was enough food
 to last the winter. They were living comfortably in
just be enough time for them
to throw in a desperation toss. OK? All right. Let's go
sufficient time had elapsed
to enable each story-teller to dress up his tale with a
it, with just murmur enough
to lull one to repose; and the occasional whistle of a
wife, too, had enough
to do to attend to her housekeeping and manage her poultry
little wife, too, had enough
 to do to attend to her housekeeping and manage her
have been scarcely sufficient
to furnish him with daily bread, for he was a huge

indirect question

What was the question?

other new vegetables and how
 to build Indian-style houses. He pointed out poisonous
How can we build Indian-style houses?
skins. He taught them how
to cultivate corn and other new vegetables and how to
as medicine. He explained how
 to dig and cook clams, how to get sap from the maple
in Social Security and how
to help people save more for their retirements
to dig and cook clams, how
 to get sap from the maple trees, use fish for fertilizer
and his only study was how
 to gain the affections of the peerless daughter of Van
months and teach them how
 to survive in this new place. He brought them deer meat
building, you will know how
 to begin if you ever need to see a doctor or nurse. Also
handlers' telling him what
to do -- would be. "We were divided and flip
he, too, was not sure what
to expect. "Nobody knew what he would do until he did
trying to figure out what
to write for this week's column. My blissful slumber
in the Dole camp over whether
to open with an attack, Reed said the candidate

indirect statement

Can you restate these with no passives:?

where gold was believed "
to be born," leaving Isabella in the care of his
..where people believed (that) gold was born
morning, which are said
to be legitimately descended from the nose of Ichabod
.. which people say are legitimately descended from ..
a head. It is said by some
to be the ghost of a Hessian trooper, whose head had
to the altar, was observed
to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of
population of Haiti, estimated
 to be about 3,000,000 people, had been exterminated

modal/outcome

Europeans were able
to colonize a new, empty continent. Columbus was an
Mother wouldn't be able
to sleep the night before. And if they lost, Daddy'd walk
impatience, he was not able
to move northward until May 1505, when he was

views of the man who was

to become an important American hero. Humphrey
who throughout his life was
to be his main standby, Columbus received several
Beatriz Enríquez, who was
to be the mother of his son Fernando. In 1490 the
he met two men who were
to restore his faith: the friar-astronomer Antonio de
unfortunately, that was not
to be. More English people came to America, and they
price was exorbitant. He was
to be knighted, appointed grand admiral and viceroy
family forever), and he was
to receive 10 percent of the transactions within his
That before 50 years were
to pass, the Wampanoag would no longer be a tribe. That
and other colonists who were
to be taken along at the insistence of the London
England, where they were
to join another group of Separatists and pick up a
did not know whether he was
 to come across new savages or old civilizations, he
(2,415 miles) they were not
to navigate at night because land would certainly be
drive away evil spirits, was
 to sing psalm tunes and the good people of Sleepy
towards the sex; and it is not
 to be wondered at, that so tempting a morsel soon found
after the damsel who was
to inherit these domains, and his imagination expanded
such an apparition as is seldom
to be met with in broad daylight. It was, as I have said
whenever a fresh couple were
to start. Ichabod prided himself upon his dancing as
it is true, but it was only
to plunge to the opposite side of the road into a thicket
head with terror. What was
 to be done? To turn and fly was now too late; and
of the schoolmaster was not
to be discovered. Hans Van Ripper as executor of his
Columbus' character that was
to bring him much unhappiness. Second voyage
that gold seeking was
to be forbidden at certain periods of the year so that

How many times are we going
to pass before we shoot? ??: Four. Norman: How
[S] AN DIEGO -- "We're going
to tear his face off," Scott Reed, the Dole campaign
"I thought he was going
to blow -- he was seething," Reed said of the
interest." "I was going
to ask Mr. Clinton about the contributions from
one would say, 'He's going
to be the hatchet man,' and someone else would
country hospitality is going
to get an awful name. Myra: What a pleasant thing to
here, Norman. I think it's going
to work out. Norman: Well, it's got to work out this
Well, it looks like you're going
to need a little help. Since I've been running practices
I thought we were going
to be friends. Myra: I guess you're going to want to
Well, I'm sure you're going
 to be convinced to go after him. Norman: Well, if I am
school. Norman: This is going
to be a lonely bench. Well, those of you who don't know
I've blown this, so I'm going
 to be learning from you just like you learn from me. I'm
you learn from me. I'm going
to be setting up practices a little bit differently than
... Norman: We're going
to be doing this every day in practice. You're going to
day in practice. You're going
to be in the best physical shape of your lives. ??: It
How many times are we going
to pass off? .. ??: Four. Norman: How many ? team
Strap! How long's he going
to go on like this? ??: I don't know. He'll come when
You get ready. You're going
 to play until Strap gets here, if he ever does. .... OK
your guts out.... I'm only going
 to say this one time. All of you have the weekend. Think
Oh, no. ??: Hey, coach! Going
 to play with three next time? Those aren't bad odds
Opal: What are you going
to do about that? Norman: I'm going to break them
that? Norman: I'm going
to break them down and then I'm going to build them
them down and then I'm going
to build them back up. Opal: The fire needs more wood
for you.... Cletus is going
to be laid up for a while, and I want you to give me a
Norman: Shooter here is going
to be one of our assistants. Got it? Have you got
in the game. Shooter's going
to take you home. You pay attention. Myra: Hi. sorry
to play, right? We're going
 to be a tough team to beat. Now you come along for the
out of the game or I'm going
 to start screaming like a mad fool.) ref: (Well, I guess
got. All right? We're going
to run the picket fence at them. Merle, you're the swing
Aw. come on. I'm going
to be here for you. Shooter: Yeah, you and the little
was just ... Doc said he's going
to be OK for the regionals in another week. Shooter
game in my book we're going
to be winners. OK? ... All right! Let's go! Let's go! Let
sir. Norman: We're going
 to win this game. Everett: Yes, sir. Norman: All
the bench. Strap, you're going
to play for Everett. Don't shoot the ball unless you're
matter, Dad. You re going
to get better. In a couple of months, when you get out of
get out of here, we're going
 to get a house, both of us. I love you, Dad. I've got to go
the press, are they going
to release the basketball? Romig dribbles towards
up. Here's what we're going
to do. Jimmy,. they're going to be expecting you to
to do. Jimmy,. they're going
 to be expecting you to take the last shot. We're going
take the last shot. We're going
to use you as a decoy. Buddy, you get the ball in to
on the picket fence. He's going
 to take the last shot. All right, let's go. ... What's the
well, but how was he going
to liberate Jerusalem if he were not allowed to find
Myra: I guess you're going
to want to talk about Jimmy? Norman: Why would I
Yes Myra: He's not going
 to play... Norman: That's fine. Myra: Well, I'm sure

The former senator had

to finesse the amiability of the setting to keep Clinton in
as I did. I'd do anything I had
to do to increase my advantage. Anybody who tried to
Mother got sick. And I had
to come back. Norman: You never plan on leaving? Did
Shooter: I don't have
to hear that from you. Norman: You're embarrassing
for it the longest day he had
to live." When school hours were over, he was even
to contend with and had
to make his way merely through gates of iron and brass
Ichabod, on the contrary, had
to win his way to the heart of a country coquette, beset
and impediments; and he had
to encounter a host of fearful adversaries of real flesh
with whom Ichabod Crane had
to contend, and, considering, all things, a stouter man
of the school-boy who has
to pass it alone after dark. As he approached the
around like nobody can? Has
to be none other than, Ichabod. Ichabod Crane. Thus
as a magnificent lord and had
to be reprimanded for it by his royal masters, while
before Ojeda's visit, had
to be terrorized into obedience by a capital execution
>833 with Columbus, they had
to consider that the land already discovered far
hostility of the natives he had
to give up the plan and sail away, in the name of
he could hardly move and had
to be conveyed to Seville; travelling north was out of
immunizaitons will have
to arrange to have them done at their own expense

some of the boys have got

to get ready for threshing on Saturday.... Jimmy! I
out. Norman: Well, it's got
to work out this time, or that's it for good. George
What do you mean? We've got
to have five out there. Norman: Sit down! Sit! ... ref
Don't matter. A man's got
to do what he's got to do. You're playing Cedar Knob
man's got to do what he's got
 to do. You're playing Cedar Knob tomorrow. Ain't
you off the boards. You've got
 to squeeze them back in the paint. Make them chuck it
it's bad enough we've got
to play in this cage you call a gym. Your players are
the doctor says you've got
to take it easy. No more basketball games for a while
better say what you've got
to say. Jimmy: I don't know if it'll make any change<
ride, OK? Shooter: You've got
to give me your word that you will not be kicked out of
on! ... Everett, you've got
to stop that pass to the low post. all right? Rade, you
of us. I love you, Dad. I've got
to go back. Shooter: Son. oh I wish I could be there
a game. Buddy, you've got
to stick right with him. No inside penetration. Shut
passing lanes. And you've got
to play tough off those boards. Negate their height

where I could find you. I used
to play in these fields. I used to wonder what it would
to play in these fields. I used
to wonder what it would feel like to start walking and

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Ann Salzmann
Intensive English Institute
University of Illinois